Programming Resource Megathread

What is a compiler or IDE?
A compiler simply translates "human" source code into machine code that the machine understands. An IDE means Integrated development environment, it is an enhanced and advanced compiler to help coders out, rather than typing all of the code into something along the lines of notepad.

What compiler/IDE should I use?
If you're using C++, C#, or Visual Basic, I would go ahead and recommend the Visual Studio product, as it is widely used for all of them. Otherwise which compiler is mainly preference. I learned C++ using Dev C++ as it's great for beginners. Java I used JCreator as that is what I used in my class, but you can always use others.

What language should I learn?
The language you are wanting to learn depends on what you want to program it for.
-For building windows applications, I would suggest C#, although Visual Basic seems to be most people starting place as it's considered the easiest, these two .NET languages are RAD (Rapid Application Development) programming languages.
-C++ if you want to eventually build your own video games, as it will be the fastest in the long run. I also personally know C++ is used for PC game hacking (and I believe xbox 360 modding)
-Java if you want your applications to be portable across operating systems. It also revolves around OOP (Object Oriented Programming).

Help! I can't understand ANY of this!!!
I will not be surprised by someone saying this. Learning a language takes loads of time, It has personally taken me over 6 months to fully understand how coding works, and I have yet to learn just a small fraction out there (it's never ending). However, most people aren't going to be doing this 5+ hours per day, so it may take you even longer.

If you truly need help, I would strongly suggest googling your problem as much as possible before posting as a simple problem is usually answered, however, if you are out of luck, or can't find the answer, feel free to post a help thread and I'm sure you will find the help you need.

Where do I get these super cool blue applications?
These applications are used with a component pack, specifically this would be DotNetBar, but you can view many here, however, if you do not wish to buy them, they are available in premium.

I hate using express editions! Where can I get the full version for free?
You can get them by purchasing premium, in there you will either find download links, or you can request for them. Buy it here.

Compilers
Visual Basic Express

Learning Tutorials
VB.NET Youtube video tutorial series
Setting up and creating your first VB application ~ iLegend
MSDN - Resource from the creators of VB (Microsoft)
Coding practices

Specific How-To Tutorials
Make an auto updater
Create a modding program with Package.IO
How to use DotNetBar
Creating a simple game
Send an e-mail
Create a game save tool
Visual Studio splash screen changer

Compilers
Visual C# Express

Learning Tutorials
8 different eBooks on C#
MSDN - Resource from the creators of C# (Microsoft)
How to read/write text files
Coding practices
BlackWasp - C# Tutorials

Specific How-To Tutorials
How to create a basic login
Creating a simple splash screen
Check for update button
How to use DevExpress skins

Compilers
Dev C++
Visual C++ Express
NetBeans IDE

Learning Tutorials
CProgramming - great C/C++ beginners tutorial & more
CPlusPlus - Great beginning tutorial
LearnCPP - C++ beginners tutorial
Xoax - C++ video tutorials
Intro to C++ Win32 programming
Another intro to C++ Win32 programming
AntiRTFM (Anti Read the ****ing Manual) Youtube into to C++ series

Specific How-To Tutorials
~Coming Soon

Compilers
JCreator LE IDE
NetBeans IDE
Eclipose IDE
Dr. Java IDE

Learning Tutorials
Exposure Java - Java eBook with Excersises, labs, and example programs
Learn Java - Youtube Tutorial Series
Blue Pelican Java Basics
Intro to Java e-book
Java for kids e-book
Javaranch e-book
Wb-ucator Java tutorial
Sun Java Tutorials

Specific How-To Tutorials
NIST - Dictionary of Algorithms & Data Structures
Java 1.6 APIJava examples
CodingBat - Java Practice Problems

References
Java Notes (Index of Everything Java)
Java Quick Reference
RegEx - Glossary

Compilers
Objective-C XCode IDE

Learning Tutorials
Objective C Guide ~ Apple
Basic Assembly Tutorial
Detailed Lua Tutorial by theJ89

Specific How-To Tutorials
Hacking E-Books